PFAS-coated clothes that are thrown away will often end up either incinerated or in landfill. Unless incinerated at very high temperatures (>1000oC), fluorinated polymers could release more harmful PFAS during burning. PFAS of environmental concern have also been found in landfill leachate. PFAS is found in treated waste water from industrial and domestic sources and has been found in both rivers and groundwater. Conventional drinking water processes will not remove PFAS.Small quantities of PFAS will be removed during wash and wear of products containing PFAS. This includes fluorinated polymers used on stain-resistant coatings, and non-polymers that remain on clothes after production (Lassen et al. 2015).Non-polymer PFAS can build up in blood protein of animals, and is not always removed quickly. This means that predators eating PFAS-contaminated food will have higher levels in their bloodstream, and concentrations can increase up the food chain. Studies suggest that build up of PFAS is similar to those of other Persistent Organic Pollutants such as DDT.PFAS are estimated to be settling in arctic regions at rates of tens to hundreds of kilograms per year (25-850kg per year), depending on the specific PFAS chemical in question. Certain PFAS are released as gases to the environment and are blown a long way by wind and air currents in the atmosphere,. These gas PFAS will over time degrade to more persistent chemicals like PFOS and PFOA. This may be one reason why PFAS of environmental concern have been found in remote regions such as the Arctic as well as near PFAS production sitesPFAS including PFOS and PFOA have been found in air samples around Europe. The chemicals are found in small quantities, but appear in almost all samples tested. PFAS enters the atmosphere both from factories and the air inside our homes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554424 Non-polymer PFAS are used in the production of fluorinated polymers. The manufacture of stain-resistant finishes generally releases these PFASs into the environment, both by air and water emissions. They are very hard to remove during water treatment. Workers in textiles factories are some of the population most exposed to these potentially harmful chemicals.

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EU Blogs

2 December 2025

Will the Government’s Environmental Improvement Plan (EIP) help end chemical and microplastic pollution?

Fidra welcome the UK Government’s new Environmental Improvement Plan (EIP) 2025, and take a closer look at the commitments, highlights, and next steps to protect our environment from pollution.

Author
Natasha Kitching

18 August 2025

Protecting Health and Nature: A Call to Rethink Chemical Regulation Proposals

HSE proposals for Chemicals Legislative Reform for won’t protect us from the some of the most hazardous chemicals that have been developed and need an urgent rethink

Author
Natasha Kitching

9 July 2025

UK agrees to align with the EU on pesticide regulation

Reset discussions between the UK and EU have resulted in a massive win for pesticide regulation and our environment as the UK has committed to ‘dynamically align’ with the EU on pesticides.

Author
Natasha Kitching

22 May 2023

Landmark Decision – Intentionally-added microplastic restrictions are to be adopted by the EU

On the 26th of April the European Commission voted to adopt the intentionally-added microplastics restriction proposal. What does this mean and when will the ban come into effect?

Author
Catherine Amis